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Agrarian Geography. Amazonian Peoples. Agribusiness. AgroHydroforestry Territories. West Pará
The agrarian/water/forest area of the western region of the state of Pará has been the target of development, expansion and capitalist accumulation. The territorialization of soybean agribusiness invades the TAFs, transforming these multiple territories into goods and private property to meet the exogenous demand for commodities. This Doctoral Thesis has the general objective of analyzing the expansion of global capitalism in the Amazon from the territorialization of agribusiness (1990-2023) in the Amazonian AgroHidroFlorestais Territories, which affects the territories of the Amazon peoples (peasants, indigenous peoples, quilombolas and riverine people), in the western region of the state of Pará (Tapajós), Eastern Amazon. And as specific objectives it was sought: To understand the agrarian/territorial dynamics in the Amazon from the advance of agribusiness as a territorial project, which has invaded and transformed the Lands (Fields), Waters (Rivers) and Forests into the territory of global capital; Understand the multiple territorialities within the capitalist relations of production, who live and work in the Amazonian Agro-Hidroforestry Territories, in which they qualify the Amazon as a territorial mosaic of the Amazonian peoples; To analyze the disputes over Amazonian Agro-Hydro-Forestry Territories and the spatialization of agrarian and territorial conflicts involving Amazonian peoples and agribusiness in the “Amazonian World” of Land, Water and Forests (TAFs) in the West of the Tapajonic Amazon of Pará; To identify the diversities of social struggles and territorial (re)existences as a strategy of social recreation in the Amazonian Agro-Hydro-Forestry Territories in the face of the advance of global agribusiness capital in the western region of the Tapajós of Pará. The spatial clipping is the west of the state of Pará, with emphasis on the municipalities of Santarém, Belterra and Mojuí dos Campos, located in the lower Amazon mesoregion, municipalities under the influence of the federal highway BR-163 (Cuiabá-Santarém) (Amazônia das Roads) and the Tapajós River (River Amazon and/or Fluvial Amazon). The method adopted is historical and dialectical materialism and the research has a qualitative approach with a descriptive/exploratory character. As methodological procedures, the following were used: 1) Bibliographic research: theoretical-methodological review referring to the studies of the agrarian and territorial geography of Brazil and the Brazilian Amazon; 2) Documentary research: review of documents, records and reports; 3) Statistical research: review of quantitative data, graphs and tables; 4) Field research (semi-structured interviews with people and/or representatives of social groups/classes from communities/villages/cities, social movements, associations, organizations, institutions and bodies (public and private sector power). In addition to informal conversations (subjective dialogues), making use of the field notebook. Images were recorded through digital photographs and aerial photographs and the elaboration of cartographic productions. Therefore, the relationship between capital-nature and capital-peoples of the Amazon is totally focused on global markets, as the peoples of the fields-water-forests are subordinated to the excluding, contradictory and unequal logic, resulting in agrarian and territorial conflicts in their entirety. This is the agrarian and territorial geography of western Pará, where multiple territories and a plurality of territorialities are located, has been suffering the territorial constraints of agribusiness. The advance of agricultural production and logistical systems (roads, ports, railroads and waterways) has resulted in the devastation of nature, socioeconomic impacts and the transformation of the Amazon Agro-Hidroforestry Territories into Mononature and the De-Amazonization of the Amazon.